Why several oxidation states
Representative metals usually show one oxidation state, but transition metals show several, because their 4s and 3d electrons are close in energy and are removed in sequence, so successive ionization potentials (ionization energies) rise gradually (vanadium: 648, 1346, 2858, 4643, 6523 kJ/mol).
The idea, in English
Representative metals usually show one oxidation state, but transition metals show several, because their 4s and 3d electrons are close in energy and are removed in sequence, so successive ionization potentials (ionization energies) rise gradually (vanadium: 648, 1346, 2858, 4643, 6523 kJ/mol).
Explain in Egyptian Arabic
الـ representative metals غالبًا بيبقى ليها oxidation state واحدة، إنما الـ transition metals بيبقى ليها أكتر من واحدة، عشان الـ electrons بتوع الـ 4s والـ 3d قريبين من بعض في الطاقة وبيتشالوا ورا بعض بالترتيب، فالـ successive ionization potentials (واسمها كمان ionization energies) بتزيد بالتدريج (الـ vanadium: 648، 1346، 2858، 4643، 6523 kJ/mol).
المطلوب
تقرا الـ flowchart بتاع الـ ionization للـ vanadium وتشرح ليه أكتر من state ممكن نوصلها.
Common misconceptions
- There is a huge jump in ionization energy right after the 4s electrons leave.
No. In vanadium the ionization potentials rise gradually from one electron to the next (648, 1346, 2858, 4643, 6523 kJ/mol), with no huge jump after the 4s electrons leave, because the 4s and 3d electrons are close in energy.
Explain in Egyptian Arabic
لأ، حتى بعد ما الـ 4s electrons يمشوا، الزيادة في الـ ionization energy بتيجي بالتدريج.
- They have many oxidation states simply because they have many electrons.
It is not just the number of electrons. The 4s and 3d electrons are close in energy, so they are removed in sequence and the successive ionization potentials rise gradually; that makes several oxidation states reachable.
Explain in Egyptian Arabic
مش مجرد عدد الـ electrons. السبب إن الـ electrons بتوع الـ 4s والـ 3d قريبين من بعض في الطاقة، فبيتشالوا ورا بعض والـ ionization energies بتزيد بالتدريج، وده اللي بيخلّي أكتر من oxidation state ممكنة.